Understanding of flower INDUCTION and its related physiological events are very important in regulating of the kiwifruit fruiting. In this research, kiwifruit flower INDUCTION was investigated using defoliation without girdling and with girdling on current shoots, 4-6 months after bud swollen, in eight treatments for two years. Based on the results, the year alone was not statistically significant for measuring traits, but its interaction with the variety and treatment affected significantly some of the measured traits. Defoliation without girdling of female Hayward and male Tomuri cultivars current shoots did not have a significant effect on the percentage of budbreak and percentage of fertile shoots, but the number of flowers per cane and means flower per new shoots of Tomuri cultivar was significantly greater than those of Hayward. The effects of defoliation with girdling treatment on the budbreak percent, fertile shoot percent, the number of flowers per cane and the mean flowers per new shoot were 32. 92%, 4. 00%, 4. 00 and 1. 29 flowers for Hayward and 47. 08%, 52. 5%%, 53. 53 and 11. 72 flowers for Tomuri respectively. Flower INDUCTION in Tomuri cultivar started two weeks earlier than Hayward about five months from bud swelling and peaked in mid-September. Flower INDUCTION in the Hayward cultivar began about five and a half months from bud swelling and lasted until the end of it’ s when about 88% of the broken buds were fruitful.

Background and Aims: Interferon alpha is an effective cytokine in viral infections, where it has various roles in immune function. The use of this antiviral agent in the treatment of viral infections and even cancers is common, although, the beneficial effects of this antiviral agent in high doses can be associated with side effects that limit its use. In this project, we tried to investigate the effects of different doses and timing of interferon alpha treatment on the expression of downstream interferon signaling genes and evaluation of the antiviral effects in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from treatment-naive HCV-infected patients. The cells were treated with different doses of Interferon alpha 2a (IFN-α 2a) and the mRNA expression of target genes (ISG15, MXA, PKR and OAS) at different TIME points was evaluated by Real TIME PCR. The levels of ISG15 and OAS were measured in culture supernatant using ELISA and the level of HCV NS5A in chronic HCV patients was measured by flow cytometry. Results: Our results showed that IFN-α 2a effect on the expression of antiviral proteins was dependent on dose and TIME of administrated IFN-α . Conclusion: This finding indicates that IFN-α should be used at optimal dose to achieve the best efficiency and established balance between antiviral and anti-tumor effects of IFN-α with fewer side effects.

The anxiety induced by surgical operation and the preparation phase of anesthesia and surgery causes generalized physical stimulation, ending in a list of problems. Anesthesia prodrugs are a useful measure to lessen these problems. Fentanyl, one of objectives, is highly powerful in reducing the intensity of the untoward effects. In a quasi-experimental study designed to assess the effects of the drug, when introduced by mouth, and the TIME required for INDUCTION of anesthesia in surgical patients, 80 patients in the age range of 18 to 45 years were selected and divided in 2 groups by simple randomized sampling. Patients were admitted in an educational hospital of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. 20 minutes before the INDUCTION of surgery, the patients received 15 micrograms per kilogram of fentanyl in the case group, accompanied by a little sugar. The results showed significant difference regarding pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and anesthesia INDUCTION TIME between the two groups, suggesting the effects of the oral fentanyl. The results did not suggest any difference regarding diastolic blood pressure.    

The rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus myksis) is a value fish and has been widely production for human consumption. The sexual developments of fish lead to reduce the somatic growth. Thus, production of sterile fish can be useful in aquaculture. Heat shock is a very effective way to optimizing the heat shock treatment TIME. Heat shocks were applied at different TIMEs after fertilization (range 10-28 min). Other parameters, in this paper were set as follows: temperature of shock=26°C, shock duration=10 min. the success of triploidy INDUCTION was determined by erythrocyte masurement. The results of statistical analysis indicates that the survival rates of treated groups, were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Nuclear volume showed a 2.17 TIMEs in triploids than diploid. The highest levels of triploid INDUCTION reached to 80% and were obtained at initiated 28 min after fertilization.

Background and aims: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered as one of the most common neurologic disorders after stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of TBI helps to discover new treatment strategies. Neuroinflammation is the main feature of TBI. We aimed to measure expression level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ), one of the main factor of neuroinflammation, in the rat brain at different TIMEs after INDUCTION of TBI. Methods: TBI was exerted to adult male rats under anesthesia by controlled cortical compact (CCI) model. Trauma was exerted to parieto-occipital cortex by 4. 5 m/s speed. TBI was confirmed by staining the injured area. TNF-α level was measured in the injured brain region semiquantitatively by western blot technique at 0, 3h. 6h, 24h, and 5 days after TBI. Results: TBI induced an injury with 2mm depth in the parieto-occipital cortex. Compared to control and shamoperated rats, TNF-α level significantly increased in the injured brain area 3h and 6h after TBI (p < 0. 01). Conclusion: TNF-α level increases considerably in rat brain during the first hours after TBI in CCI model. This data is useful in designing the pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic protocols for preventing TBI-induced neuroinflammation.